b The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was significant for the conflict only in 1995. In 1995, after the Washington Agreement The Washington Agreement was a ceasefire agreement between the warring Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , signed in Washington and Vienna in March 1994. It was signed by Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak. Under, the state was de facto representative of the Bosnian Croat Croats form one of the three constitutive nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They are frequently referred to as Bosnian Croats, but since the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina the number of Herzegovinian Croats exceeds the number in Bosnia. The Croats maintain an unofficial capital in Mostar, with the city being home to the largest Croatian population and Bosniak The Bosniaks or Bosniacs are a South Slavic ethnic group, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a smaller minority also present in the Sandžak, Croatia, and the Republic of Macedonia. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional adherence to Islam since 15th and 16th centuries, and common (Bosnian Muslim) ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina itself. Not to be confused with Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina (pronounced /ˈbɒzni.ə hɜrtsɨˈɡoʊvɨnə/ ( listen) or /ˌhɜrtsɨɡoʊˈviːnə/; Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Bosnian and Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) is a country in South-Eastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south,, which encompasses all three Bosnian Islam, Orthodox Christianity, Judaism. Catholicism, Atheism ethnic groups.
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The Croatian War of Independence was a war War is a behaviour pattern exhibited by many primate species including humans, and also found in many ant species. The primary feature of this behaviour pattern is a certain state of organized violent conflict that is engaged in between two or more separate social entities. Such a conflict is always an attempt at altering either the psychological fought in Croatia Croatia (pronounced /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ , kroe-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest from 1991 to 1995. It was fought between the Croatian government, having declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the second half of World War II (1943) until it was formally dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Serbia, in, and both the Yugoslav People's Army The Yugoslav People's Army (Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Montenegrin, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija - JNA,[note 1] Cyrillic script: Југославенска народна армија or Југословенска народна армија - JHA[note 2]; Slovene: Jugoslovanska ljudska (JNA) and Serb forces, who established the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia.
Initially, the war was waged between Croatian police forces and Serbs living in the Yugoslav Republic of Croatia. As the JNA came under increasing Serbian influence in Belgrade Belgrade (Serbian: Београд, Beograd ( listen , pronounced [bɛ'ɔgrad]) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city lies at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. With a population of 1,630,000 (official estimate 2007), Belgrade is the fourth largest city in Southeastern Europe,, its units began assisting the Serbs fighting in Croatia. The Croatian side aimed to establish a sovereign country outside Yugoslavia, and the Serbs, supported from Serbia,[11] opposed the secession and wanted to remain a part of Yugoslavia, effectively seeking new boundaries in Croatia with a Serb majority or significant minority[12] or by conquering as much of Croatia as possible.[13] The goal was primarily to remain in the same state with the rest of the Serbian nation, which was interpreted as an attempt to form a "Greater Serbia The term Greater Serbia or Great Serbia applies to nationalist and irredentist ideology directed towards the creation of a Serbian land which would incorporate all regions of traditional significance to the Serbian nation. This movement's main ideology is to unite all Serbs (or all historically ruled or Serb populated lands) into one state," by Croats (and Bosniaks The Bosniaks or Bosniacs are a South Slavic ethnic group, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a smaller minority also present in the Sandžak, Croatia, and the Republic of Macedonia. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional adherence to Islam since 15th and 16th centuries, and common). At the beginning of the war, the JNA tried to forcefully keep Croatia in Yugoslavia by occupying the whole of Croatia.[14]
In Croatia, the war is referred to as the Homeland War (Croatian Croatian is a South Slavic language spoken chiefly by Croats in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring countries, as well as the Croatian diaspora worldwide: Domovinski rat). In the Serbian language, the phrase War in Croatia (Serbian Serbian is a South Slavic language, spoken mainly in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and in the Serbian diaspora. Serbian is the official language in Serbia, one of the official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a minority language in Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Slovakia. Standard: Rat u Hrvatskoj) is the most common name.
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Background
Main article: Timeline of Yugoslavian breakupThe war in Croatia resulted from the rise of nationalism in the 1980s which slowly led to the dissolution of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. A crisis emerged in Yugoslavia with the weakening of the Communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War The Cold War was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never, as symbolised by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In Yugoslavia, the national communist party, officially called Alliance or the League of Communists League of Communists of Yugoslavia , before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, Slovene: Komunistična partija Jugoslavije, Мacedonian: Комунистичка партија на Југославија, Komunistička partija na Jugoslavija), was a major Communist party in Yugoslavia. The had lost its ideological potency.
In the 1980s, Albanian secessionist movements in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo, Republic of Serbia, led to the repression of the Albanian majority in Serbia's southern province. The more prosperous republics of Slovenia Slovenia /sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija] (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on and Croatia Croatia (pronounced /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ , kroe-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest wanted to move towards decentralisation and democracy. Serbia, headed by Slobodan Milošević Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich; Serbian pronunciation: [sloˈbodan miˈloʃevitɕ] ; Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Federal Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in, adhered to centralism and one party rule through the Yugoslav Communist Party. Milošević effectively ended the autonomy of the Kosovo and Vojvodina autonomous regions.
As Slovenia and Croatia began to seek greater autonomy within the Federation, including confederate A confederation is an association of sovereign member states, that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without constituting a new state on top of the member states. Under international law a confederation respects the sovereignty of its members status and even full independence, the nationalist ideas started to grow within the ranks of the still-ruling League of Communists League of Communists of Yugoslavia , before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, Slovene: Komunistična partija Jugoslavije, Мacedonian: Комунистичка партија на Југославија, Komunistička partija na Jugoslavija), was a major Communist party in Yugoslavia. The. It was apparent that Yugoslavia would soon be replaced by numerous successor states. As Slobodan Milošević Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich; Serbian pronunciation: [sloˈbodan miˈloʃevitɕ] ; Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Federal Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in rose to power in Serbia, his speeches favoured the continuation of a single Yugoslav state, but one in which all power would be centralized and devolved to Belgrade.
1989: Crisis begins
In March 1989, the crisis in Yugoslavia deepened after the adoption of amendments to the Serbian constitution. This allowed the Serbian republic's government to re-assert effective power over the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina , also known shortly as SAP Vojvodina (Cyrillic: САП Војводина), was one of the two socialist autonomous areas of the Socialist Republic of Serbia from 1963 to 1990 and one of the federal units of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1974 to 1990. Its capital was Novi Sad. Before this point, a number of political decisions were legislated from within these provinces. They also had a vote on the Yugoslav federal presidency level (six members from the republics and two members from the autonomous provinces).[15] Serbia, under president Slobodan Milošević Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich; Serbian pronunciation: [sloˈbodan miˈloʃevitɕ] ; Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Federal Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in, gained control over three out of eight votes in the Yugoslav The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the second half of World War II (1943) until it was formally dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Serbia, in presidency and this was used in 1991 when the Serbian parliament changed Riza Sapunxhiu and Nenad Bućin, representatives of Kosovo and Vojvodina, with Jugoslav Kostić and Sejdo Bajramović.[16]
The last vote was given by Montenegro Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/) (Montenegrin: Crna Gora, Црна Гора, listen (help·info)) (meaning "Black Mountain" in Montenegrin) is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the whose government survived a first putsch in October 1988 [17] but not second in January 1989.[18] Serbia was thus with 4 out of 8 presidency votes able to heavily influence the decisions of the federal government. This situation led to objections in other republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia Coordinates: 41°36′11″N 21°42′54″E / 41.603°N 21.715°E Macedonia (Macedonian: Македонија; English: /ˌmæsɨˈdoʊniə/ mas-i-DOH-nee-ə), officially the Republic of Macedonia (Република Македонија, transliterated: Republika Makedonija [rɛˈpublika makɛˈdɔnija] ( listen)), is a landlocked country) and calls for reform of the Yugoslav Federation.
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